Hume's Science of Human Nature

 Hume's Science of Human Nature

Hume believed human nature to be the proper focus of the philosopher because its first principles necessarily carry over to every human endeavor, cognitive and conative alike. A science of human nature affords fundamental insight not only into such domains as morals Wayne Waxman, "David Hume". aesthetics, and politics, but "Even Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Natural Religion," which "are in some measure dependent on the science of MAN; since they lie under the cognizance of men, and are judged of by their powers and faculties". Situating himself in the line of British empiricist thinkers extending from Francis Bacon and John Locke, Hume restricted the investigation of human nature to evidence gleaned from "careful and exact experiments, and the observation of those particular effects. which result from its different circumstances and situations" It constitutes a science insofar as we "must endeavour to render all our principles as universal as possible, by tracing up our experiments to the utmost, and explaining all effects from the simplest and fewest causes." This may require us to revise initial determinations in the light of new experiments (Hume's evolving characterization of the difference between memory and imagination is a prime example), and obliges us to determine whether the fundamental principles of human nature have even wider scope (thus Hume considered it a plus that his account of human nature extends to animals as well). Finally, the mandate for maximal simplicity means that the science of man should take the form of a system, deriving its principal authority from the agreement of sits parts, and the necessity of one to explain another”.

The Elements of Hume's Science of Human Nature

Object : Hume considered human nature always and only in terms of perceptions. *Perception' is Hume's substitute for Locke's term 'idea', and refers to all objects insofar as they are immediately present to us by consciousness, be it in sensation, reflexion, or thought ('reflexionis Hume's catch-all term for the objects present to "internal sense" or "inward sentiment," including passions, emotions, desires, volitions, and operations activity generally). For Hume, just as for Locke with 'idea', the very indeterminacy of "perception - the impossibility of contrasting it with anything that is not a perception because "The mind never has anything present to it but the perceptions" (EHU XII/i q12) - is its principal virtue. If things other than perceptions exist, then, as what never "can be present to the mind, whether we employ our senses, or are actuated with passion, or exercise our thought and reflection," they are no Wayne Waxman, "David Hume" 6. different from perfect non-entities so far as our thoughts and actions are concerned. By contrast, even objects as fanciful as a billiard ball that transforms itself into wedding cake upon being struck, though never present to the senses, are still objects of our thought, and so too perceptions.


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